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SURVEYING GLOSSARY

TYPES OF SURVEY & SURVEYING TECHNIQUES SURVEYING UNITS, TERMS & SLANG  HISTORY OF SURVEYING BASIC'S OF SURVEYING SURVEYING TECHNIQUES SURVEYING GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS, WATER TERMS & TREES     SURVEYING GLOSSARY

accuracy : degree of conformity with a standard. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result, and is distinguished from precision, which relates to the quality of the operation by which the result is obtained. see Accuracy and Precision for further information. easement : areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which other parties, such as utility companies, may have limited rights granted for a specific purpose. encroachment : a structure or part of a structure that occupies the property of another. encumbrance : an interest or partial right in real property which diminished the value of ownership, but does not prevent the transfer of ownership. Mortgages, taxes and judgments are encumbrances known as liens. Restrictions, easements, and reservations are also encumbrances, although not liens.   error : the difference between a measured value and the true value. Error in measurement is inherent, but is separate and distinct from a blunder (a mistake).   exception : from a title insurance policy, portions of the land containing encumbrances and in which free and clear title is subject to certain conditions. from a legal description, portions of land which are included in the description of a larger parcel of land but then excluded from it by a subsequent legal description.   improvement : usually some sort of manmade structure, although perhaps not always a literal "improvement".   legal description :  a method of describing a particular parcel of land in such a way that it uniquely describes the particular parcel and no other. A legal description may be a simple reference to a lot as shown on a subdivision plat, or be described by metes and bounds. To be adequate, it should be sufficient to locate the property without oral testimony.   measurement : an estimated value that is, by its nature, subject to error. A person can count (an absolute value) one hundred beans and get the same quantity as someone else counting one hundred beans. However, if two people each measure (an estimated value) a cup of beans , it is likely that they will have a different quantity of beans. Two surveyors measuring the same distance may obtain different values. Both of the values should be similar, but they will only approach the true theoretical value through repetition and statistical analysis. monument : an object placed to mark the physical location of a position. A property corner monument is often a length of iron rod driven vertically into the ground so that the top is at or below natural grade. A cap identifying the registration number of the surveyor responsible for placing the monument may be placed atop the monument. offset : in boundary: a point located at the extension of a line and marking the direction of the line. An offset monument may be placed on the extension of a line because the offset position can provide a more durable monument. A common practice is to place offset monuments in a sidewalk or curbhead, as these monuments are less likely to be disturbed than a monument marking the actual position. in construction: a short distance usually measured at a right angle to a line, to preserve the position of the line when it is anticipated that points marking the line itself would be disturbed. precision : the degree of refinement in the performance of an operation, or the degree of perfection in the instruments and methods used when making measurements. An indication of the uniformity or reproducibility of a result. Precision relates to the quality of an operation by which a result is obtained, and is distinguished from accuracy, which relates to the quality of the result. see Accuracy and Precision for further explanation. right-of-way : a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for construction and maintenance according to a designated use. This may include highways, streets, canals, ditches, or other uses. subdivision plat : a legal instrument intended to take a large parcel of land and divide it into smaller parcels of land. A subdivision plat may also create public rights-of-way or easements, and is usually filed with the public real estate records of the county. surveying : a blend of several disciplines, from mathematician and law scholar, to expert measurer and translator. By interpreting the legal description and applying the science of measurement, the surveyor translates a legal description or construction plans into tangible positions on the ground. These positions then become the basis for construction or for the establishment of a particular location, possibly to show lines of ownership or to document change over time. title commitment : a commitment to provide title insurance to a parcel of land. The surveyor is interested in the legal description and the exceptions. tolerance : a mathematical term indicating the allowable variation from a standard or from specified conditions. It is an indication of the accuracy and the precision of a measurement. XYZ coordinates : a grouping of three numbers which designate the position of a point in relation to a common reference frame. In common usage, the X and Y coordinate fix the horizontal position of the point, and Z refers to the elevation

STANDARD SURVEYING ABBREVIATIONS

You might find the following corner descriptions on a plat drawing. ·  FD - Found ·  IPF - Iron pipe found ·  IRF - Iron rod found ·  L.O.D. - Limit of Disturbance. The area to be cleared, graded, etc. ·  PK - Point Known ·  PK nail - A surveyor's nail that marks a survey point. See also hub and tack. ·  SR - Steel rebar ·  SRS - Steel rod set (rebar or other steel)

SURVEYING WATER TERMS

Bank - Edge of a stream. Bed and banks - For property lines that cross a body of water, this term is used to explicitly refer to the bottom of the water. Bottom - Land along a river. Branch - Small stream. Brook - Small stream. Creek - Small stream. Drain - Small dry stream or gully. Drean - See drain. Ford - Shallow part of a stream or river where one could cross. Fork - Meeting point of two streams. "In the fork of" means between two branches. Gut - A narrow passage between hills. A stream in such a passage. A drain. Head - The source of a stream. Headwaters - The smallest streams that combine to make a larger stream. Kill - (Dutch) Creek. Lower - Toward the mouth of a stream. Further down along its course. Opposite of upper. Meander - "with the meanders of the stream" means the survey line follows the twists and turns of the stream. Mouth - The place where a stream enters another, larger stream. Narrows - Narrow part of a stream. River - Large stream. Run - Small stream. Shoal - Shallows. Spring - A pool or other source of water that feeds a stream. Swamp - In the southeastern U.S., a stream, particularly one that has has swampy parts. A marsh. Upper - Toward the head of a stream. Further up along its course. Opposite of lower. Vly - (Dutch) Swampy lowland. Waters ("watters") of - In the drainage of.

TREES

Alder - Ash - has tough, straight-grained wood Aspen - a type of poplar Basswood - see linden Beech - smooth gray bark and small edible nuts Birch, (burch) - Black gum - see tupelo Blackjack - a type of small oak Black oak - Black walnut - Box elder - Box oak - Buckeye - Buffaloberry - Cedar - Cherry - Chestnut - American chestnut has been virtually destroyed by blight. Chestnut oak - has leaves resembling a chestnut Chittamwood - see Wooly Bumelia Cottonwood - Dogwood - Elder - Elm - Fir - Gum - subtypes: black, sweet Hackberry - has cherry-like fruit Hawthorn - Hazel - Hemlock - Hickory, hiccory, hickry - has edible nuts and hard wood Hornbeam - has hard, heavy wood Ironwood - see hornbeam Juniper - Larch - Laurel - Live oak - Lowerwood - transcription error for sourwood Maple, (maypole) Mountain birch - Oak, (oake) - subtypes: black, box, chestnut, live, pin, post, red, scrub, shrub, Spanish, swamp white, white Pawpaw - Persimmon - has plum-like fruit Pine - Pin oak - Pohiccory - see hickory Ponderosa pine - Poplar, popular - Post oak - wood used for posts Red cedar - Red oak - Sapling, (saplin) - young tree Sassafras - bark used in medicines and beverages Scrub oak - usually found in dry, rocky soil Serviceberry - (sarvisberry) Sour gum - see tupelo Sourwood - sorrel tree Spanish oak - Spruce - Sugar tree - sugar maple Sumac - (shumac) Swamp white oak - heavy, hard wood used in shipbuilding, furniture, etc. Sweet gum - hard reddish brown wood used for furniture Sycamore - Tamarack - Tupelo - Walnut - black White oak - Wooly Bumelia - leaves resemble a live oak with a fine fur-like fuzz on the underside. Yew -

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BASIC'S OF SURVEYING

TYPES OF SURVEY & SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

SURVEYING UNITS, TERMS & SLANG  HISTORY OF SURVEYING BASIC'S OF SURVEYING SURVEYING TECHNIQUES SURVEYING GLOSSARY, ABBREVIATIONS, WATER TERMS & TREES

WHAT IS SURVEYING ?

ELEMENTARY DEFINITION OF SURVEYING (as paraphrased in most texts):
The art, science, and technology of detecting the relative position of points at, above, or below the surface of the earth; or establishing such points.

BROADER DEFINITION (according to its true nature and scope)

Surveying Measurement:
The art, science, and technology of gathering and analyzing measurement data related to the land and other land-related surfaces and spaces, to include designing and devising the measurement specifications and standards to accomplish these measurements with the desired precision and accuracy and error control and adjustment, including the use of all instrumentation applicable to such measurements, said measurements typically being, but not limited to distances, heights, angles, directions, positions, areas, volumes, and other measurements associated with these quantities.

Professional Surveying:
The application of knowledge of the science of surveying measurement, the legal principles of boundary location, the laws related to boundaries and land use, the applicable mathematical and computational theories and principles, the natural and other forces which affect positional accuracy, the land planning and development concepts pertinent to subdivision of land and property surveys, land record and land tenure concepts, geodetic and other earth-related sciences to the analysis, design, and execution of surveying and mapping projects and the design of land mapping and information systems.

LOGICAL SCOPE OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYING

1.        Original Surveys for Establishing Property Boundaries

2.        Retracement of Property Boundaries

3.        Field Surveys for Topographic and other Maps

4.        Photograrnmetric Surveys for Topographic and other Maps

5.        Construction of Maps and other Graphics for Design and Planning

6.        Layout and Staking to Guide Construction

7.        Measuring and Plotting the Position of Constructed Works

8.        Geodetic and other Precise Control Surveys

9.        Surveys for Mining and other Subsurface Operations

10.      Hydrographic and Underwater Surveys

11.      Making Surveys and Maps for Land Information Systems

12.      Design of Measurement Specifications for Various Surveys

13.      Development of Measurement Standards for Various Surveys

14.      Application, Use, and Adjustment of Measurement Instruments

15.      Development of Relative Geometric Positional and other Accuracy Needs for Land Information Systems

16.      Assisting Engineers, Lawyers, Planners, the Public, and Government Officials with the Solution of Problems Where Surveying Expertise is Needed

THE VALUE OF BEING A SURVEYOR:
Full understanding of the inexactness, uncertainty, and variable nature of measurement leads to humility since it teaches that one can never be sure of results. It is this very humility that, more than anything, creates the professional attitude needed to constantly seek new evidence, and consequently a higher probability of approaching the truth or proving something with confidence.

The surveyor is primarily an analyst. As an analyst of both measurement data and boundary location evidence (including geometric and other mathematical relationships) the surveyor is in a position to develop a keen sensitivity to the importance of finding and applying the truth.
A surveyor, when practicing according to the true nature of surveying, is ever seeking the truth, whether in measurement or in boundary location. Consequently, learning and applying the measurement science and the legal and other principles of boundary retracement develops character.

The art and science of surveying is a mirror of life itself.

Called "Geomatics" in Canada and much of Europe, land surveying is known as the world's second-oldest profession.  It dates back to ancient Egypt and Babylonia.  Surveying is essentially the art and science of measuring and mapping land.  While the entire scope of our profession is vast, it all eventually boils down to determining where people's land boundaries are located.  Without this service, railroads could not be built, skyscrapers could not be erected, and individuals could not put up fences around their yards, for fear of trespassing on someone else's land.  Would you like an interstate highway to be built in your backyard, one you've paid for, maintained, and paid taxes on for years, without your permission?  Of course, how would you know it was in your backyard without a surveyor to tell you where your property even was?  We also stake out boundaries of roads to be built, monitor skyscrapers to make sure they are being erected vertically, and measure airports so that the runways are perfectly aligned and smooth.  So, if you see a guy in the road looking through an instrument on a tripod, that is a surveyor, now you know that he is doing more than taking pictures.
What is a surveyor?
A surveyor is more than one of those guys you see out in the road.     Surveying is a vital part of the design and construction process.  We perform boundary surveys to tell people where their property is, map the topography of land for engineering design, establish elevations of home sites for flood insurance, perform title surveys for real estate transactions, certify that structures are built according to design, lay out buildings, subdivisions and other construction projects so the construction companies can relate the engineering plans to the real world, and build control networks that all land parcels can relate to in a given area.  We also map slopes and areas for pay volumes or quantities, map river bottoms for dredging, lay out photo control for aerial photography and photogrammetry, write legal descriptions that are used to describe pieces of property, map and layout corridors for tunnels, roads, airports, pipelines, cellular networks and railroads, and split up properties into new lots, such as subdivisions.

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