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| accuracy : degree of conformity with a standard. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result, and is distinguished from precision, which relates to the quality of the operation by which the result is obtained. see Accuracy and Precision for further information. easement : areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which other parties, such as utility companies, may have limited rights granted for a specific purpose. encroachment : a structure or part of a structure that occupies the property of another. encumbrance : an interest or partial right in real property which diminished the value of ownership, but does not prevent the transfer of ownership. Mortgages, taxes and judgments are encumbrances known as liens. Restrictions, easements, and reservations are also encumbrances, although not liens. error : the difference between a measured value and the true value. Error in measurement is inherent, but is separate and distinct from a blunder (a mistake). exception : from a title insurance policy, portions of the land containing encumbrances and in which free and clear title is subject to certain conditions. from a legal description, portions of land which are included in the description of a larger parcel of land but then excluded from it by a subsequent legal description. improvement : usually some sort of manmade structure, although perhaps not always a literal "improvement". legal description : a method of describing a particular parcel of land in such a way that it uniquely describes the particular parcel and no other. A legal description may be a simple reference to a lot as shown on a subdivision plat, or be described by metes and bounds. To be adequate, it should be sufficient to locate the property without oral testimony. measurement : an estimated value that is, by its nature, subject to error. A person can count (an absolute value) one hundred beans and get the same quantity as someone else counting one hundred beans. However, if two people each measure (an estimated value) a cup of beans , it is likely that they will have a different quantity of beans. Two surveyors measuring the same distance may obtain different values. Both of the values should be similar, but they will only approach the true theoretical value through repetition and statistical analysis. monument : an object placed to mark the physical location of a position. A property corner monument is often a length of iron rod driven vertically into the ground so that the top is at or below natural grade. A cap identifying the registration number of the surveyor responsible for placing the monument may be placed atop the monument. offset : in boundary: a point located at the extension of a line and marking the direction of the line. An offset monument may be placed on the extension of a line because the offset position can provide a more durable monument. A common practice is to place offset monuments in a sidewalk or curbhead, as these monuments are less likely to be disturbed than a monument marking the actual position. in construction: a short distance usually measured at a right angle to a line, to preserve the position of the line when it is anticipated that points marking the line itself would be disturbed. precision : the degree of refinement in the performance of an operation, or the degree of perfection in the instruments and methods used when making measurements. An indication of the uniformity or reproducibility of a result. Precision relates to the quality of an operation by which a result is obtained, and is distinguished from accuracy, which relates to the quality of the result. see Accuracy and Precision for further explanation. right-of-way : a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for construction and maintenance according to a designated use. This may include highways, streets, canals, ditches, or other uses. subdivision plat : a legal instrument intended to take a large parcel of land and divide it into smaller parcels of land. A subdivision plat may also create public rights-of-way or easements, and is usually filed with the public real estate records of the county. surveying : a blend of several disciplines, from mathematician and law scholar, to expert measurer and translator. By interpreting the legal description and applying the science of measurement, the surveyor translates a legal description or construction plans into tangible positions on the ground. These positions then become the basis for construction or for the establishment of a particular location, possibly to show lines of ownership or to document change over time. title commitment : a commitment to provide title insurance to a parcel of land. The surveyor is interested in the legal description and the exceptions. tolerance : a mathematical term indicating the allowable variation from a standard or from specified conditions. It is an indication of the accuracy and the precision of a measurement. XYZ coordinates : a grouping of three numbers which designate the position of a point in relation to a common reference frame. In common usage, the X and Y coordinate fix the horizontal position of the point, and Z refers to the elevation | ||
| STANDARD SURVEYING ABBREVIATIONS | ||
| You might find the following corner descriptions on a plat drawing. · FD - Found · IPF - Iron pipe found · IRF - Iron rod found · L.O.D. - Limit of Disturbance. The area to be cleared, graded, etc. · PK - Point Known · PK nail - A surveyor's nail that marks a survey point. See also hub and tack. · SR - Steel rebar · SRS - Steel rod set (rebar or other steel) | ||
| SURVEYING WATER TERMS | ||
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| TREES | ||
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